Second, acoustic analyses of both groups' speeches show that the VR group has, unlike the Non-VR group, developed a more clear and resonant voice quality in the post-training speeches, in terms of higher cepstral-peak prominence (CPP) (although no significant differences in f0- related parameters as a function of training were obtained), as well as significantly less erosion effects than the Non-VR group. First, results showed that self-assessed anxiety got significantly reduced at post-training for both conditions. Speeches were also analyzed for prosodic features and gesture rate. Pre- and post-training speeches were assessed by 15 raters, who analyzed the persuasiveness of the message and the charisma of the presenter. Students assessed their anxiety measures right before performing every speech and filled out a satisfaction questionnaire at the end. Both groups gave a 2-min speech in front of a live audience before (pre-training) and after (post-training) 3 training sessions (one session per week) in which they practiced public speaking either in front of a VR audience or alone in a classroom (Non-VR). This experimental study employs a between-subjects pre- and post-training design with four Catalan high-school student groups, a VR group (N = 30) and a Non-VR group (N = 20). Virtual Reality (VR) environments can help speakers and teachers meet these challenges and foster oral skills. However, the high number of students per class and the extensive curriculum both limit the possibilities of the training and, moreover, entail that students give short in-class presentations under great time pressure. Like all aspects of language, these skills should be encouraged early on in educational settings. Public speaking is fundamental in our daily life, and it happens to be challenging for many people. Selain itu, realisasi yang berbeda dari fonem yang sama membentuk aturan fonologis yang berbeda. Adapun temuan dari penelitian ini adalah semua partisipan merealisasikan fonem nasal pada kata sanpo menjadi alofon nasal bilabial, mahasiswa yang berbahasa ibu bahasa Jawa merealisasikan fonem nasal pada kata minna menjadi alofon uvular nasal, fonem nasal pada kata niku direalisasikan menjadi alofon alveolar nasal, terjadi denasalisasi pada empat mahasiswa ketika mengucapkan kata shougakkou, fonem nasal pada kata hon direalisasikan menjadi alofon uvular nasal oleh semua partisipan, mahasiswa perempuan memiliki pitch suara yang lebih tinggi, dan tuturan mahasiswa laki-laki lebih keras daripada tuturan mahasiswa perempuan. Data diperoleh dengan metode perekaman suara terhadap tuturan mahasiswa. Sumber data pada penelitian ini adalah hasil tuturan dari lima orang mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan realisasi fonem nasal bahasa Jepang oleh mahasiswa jurusan Sastra Jepang semester lima Universitas Padjadjaran. These findings reveal the neurocognitive dynamics of emotional speech processing with prosodic salience tied to stage-dependent emotion- and task-specific effects, which can reveal insights to research reconciling language and emotion processing from cross-linguistic/cultural and clinical perspectives. Additionally, across-trial synchronization of delta, theta and alpha bands predicted the ERP components with higher ITPC values significantly associated with stronger N100, P200 and LPC enhancement. The prosodic salience effect was reduced for sadness processing and in the implicit task during early auditory processing and decision-making but reduced for happiness processing in the explicit task during conscious emotion processing. The relative salience of prosodic and semantics was modulated by emotion and task, though such modulatory effects varied across different processing stages. Results indicated that emotional prosody (relative to semantics) triggered larger N100 and P200 amplitudes with greater delta, theta and alpha inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) values in the corresponding early time windows, and continued to produce larger LPC amplitudes and faster responses during late stages of higher-order cognitive processing. They were asked to judge the emotional content (explicit task) and speakers’ gender (implicit task) of the stimuli. Thirty participants (15 women) were presented with spoken words denoting happiness, sadness and neutrality in either the prosodic or semantic channel. The present event-related potential (ERP) study examined the explicit and implicit processing of emotional speech to differentiate the relative influences of communication channel, emotion category and task type in the prosodic salience effect. How language mediates emotional perception and experience is poorly understood.
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